Is your eco-friendly cutlery really eco-friendly? A study by Yuemei Ye, assistant professor of Environmental Chemistry, suggests not.

Ye’s research simulated the conditions of a landfill to measure the release of volatile toxic chemicals called PFAS by contaminated food packaging. Her research showed that even eco-friendly single-use items—such as plant-based packaging, cutlery, and compostable plates—can release significant levels of PFAs.

A group of synthetic chemicals known to impart resistance to water and oils, PFAS are often called “forever chemicals” because they are found throughout the environment and are very difficult to break down. They are also known carcinogens and hormone disruptors. Volatile PFAS are mobile and can transfer through the air.

After screening 46 food packaging materials, Ye’s research identified high levels of the        volatile fluorotelomer alcohol 6:2 FTOH in microwavable popcorn bags, compostable bowls, biodegradable boxes, and eco-friendly plates. Because these items are marketed as environmentally friendly, consumers often prefer them over standard food packaging.

“As an environmental chemist, I have always been passionate about applying my knowledge of chemistry and material science to improve the environment,” Ye said. “Understanding the sources of PFAs in the air and characterizing their behavior in the environment are critical steps toward taking effective action to inhibit their spread.”

Her study, recently published in Environmental Science & Technology, which is widely regarded as one of the top journals in the field of environmental engineering, is the first to report volatile PFAS release from PFAs-contaminated solid waste under simulated landfill conditions.